Two process types:
- Pervaporation (PV):** Feed is liquid
- Vapor Permeation (VP):** Feed is vapor
Key advantage: Separates azeotrope mixtures; effective even with small boiling point differences; much lower energy cost than distillation (~31.5 €/t vs 76.3 €/t for entrainer distillation)
Active installation: IPA (Isopropyl Alcohol) recycling within a semiconductor plant — reduces wastewater, recovers IPA.
